Will Finding Water On The Moon Be the New “Striking Oil”?

Cubical spacecraft with solar panels orbiting above Moon

Searching for High-resolution Volatiles: Lunar Trailblazer Illustration (credit: Lockheed Martin Space)

In the 1800s and 1900s on Earth, you made your fortune if you discovered a new petroleum source. More colorfully spoken, “Striking it Rich!” was the subject of movies, such as 1956 Giant and the television series The Beverly Hillbillies. The competition is heating up for the discovery and capture lunar resources due to the new space race there. Aside from its symbolic value, water can enable life and be used for in situ fuels and other materials. What progress has been made to find and utilize lunar water? Water on the moon might be even more valuable than petroleum on Earth.

SustainSpace has covered water use and recycling on the International Space Station (ISS) in NASA Targets Reduced Water Usage for Long Duration Missions (2014 and Airbus ESA Advanced Closed Loop System (ACLS) (2018), etc. Some of that technology can be used on the Moon. Yet what is new?

Water on the Moon

Results from NASA’s 1994 Clementine mission suggested there was ice in a permanently shadowed region of the Moon This claim was confirmed by the 1998 Lunar Prospector mission which found that the largest concentrations of hydrogen exist in the areas of the lunar surface that are never exposed to sunlight, such as water ice at the lunar poles in permanently shadowed craters. Further, in 2009, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) spacecraft and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) worked together to establish the presence of water ice. In 2018, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), aboard the ISRO’s Chandrayaan-1, allowed the creation of the first high-resolution map of water ice on the lunar surface.(NASA, Ices).

A mineral map of strips of Moon indicating ice near poles.

Mineral map of Moon. Confirmed water ice are blue. (Credit: ISRO/NASA/JPL-Caltech/Brown University/USGS)

Lunar TrailBlazer

However, is there really water on the Moon? There has been ample evidence that there is water on the Moon, dating back to the Clementine collision to more recent observations. Yet how much and where?

NASA’s NASA’s Lunar Trailblazer mission hopes to provide new insights into the lunar water cycle, so as to better understand the lunar water cycle and inform future human missions as to where supplies of water may be found and extracted as a resource. There will be two major sensing instruments. The High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper (HVM3) is a JPL-developed imaging spectrometer that is sensitive to the spectral fingerprints of the different forms of water. The Lunar Thermal Mapper (LTM), being developed by the University of Oxford, will detail the temperature properties of the Moon’s surface.

Paragon In Situ Water Purifier

How will people and lunar spacecraft process and utilize this water? One new item of technology is Paragon Space Development Corporation’s Hydrogen Oxygen Production (IHOP) whose function is to produce purified water on the Moon from regolith-based resources. Then once water purified water is produced (after extraction), oxygen for breathing and fuel, and hydrogen for fuel can be produced from that water. This could save the tremendous expense of transporting water from the Earth to the Moon an improve the sustainability of a lunar facility.

What’s special about the technology? “Paragon is developing an innovative, contaminant robust subsystem that removes acidic and water soluble contaminants found within ISR-derived water on the Moon .. that could corrode systems, degrade
electrolyzer …performance, or present serious toxicity issues to humans” (Tewes et al., 2020). In addition, a ” Cold Trap and Paragon’s Nafion-based Ionomer-membrane Water Purification (IWP) technology provide the IHOP subsystem with broadband contaminant filtration, while an ammonia (NH3) scrubber and water polisher are optimized for a specific contaminant and final trace contaminant removal, respectively.” (Id.) Then this purified water can then be processed by a “water electrolyzer that can generate hydrogen and oxygen streams” (TechPort).

Applications for Earth Sustainability

There are locations one the Earth where water is scare, and what water does exist is full of toxic minerals. The Paragon technology could potentially help address that issue. Remote mining locations in semi-arid areas could be a use case.

Sources

Caltech, Lunar Trailblazer (web page). Last viewed September 18, 2024.

NASA TechPort, ISRU-ISRU Hydrogen Oxygen Production (IHOP-BAA). Last viewed on September 16, 2024).

NASA, Water & Ices on the Moon (webpage). Last viewed September 18, 2024.

P. Tewes, J. Holquist, C. Bower and L. Kelsey (2020), “ISRU-derived water purification and Hydrogen Oxygen Production (IHOP) Component Development“,  Lunar Surface Science Workshop 2020 (LPI Contrib. No. 2241).

Plant Space Research Update

Credit: NASA. CSA astronaut David Saint-Jacques during Veg-04 Water Check and Mass Measurement Device Operations.

Creating a renewable food source in space is essential for a sustainable human presence in space. Plants will likely be an important component of such a sustainable space life support ecosystem for the same reasons they are valuable on Earth. Plants provide both a food source and aesthetic value on Earth. They are also a valuable source of raw materials for products, such as cotton for clothing. In space, they provide the added benefits of recycling exhaled carbon dioxide as well as offering the ability to recycle other human waste. There is also the hope that growing plants in thematic environments of space will lead to new botanical discoveries that will be beneficial to Earth agriculture.

For over fifty years, scientists have been researching whether plants can grow in space and how they react to the space environment. That effort continues. This article will identify and discuss recent space research and its significance.

Plant research must occur in a suitable place in space. That space must be capable of providing a suitable pressure and temperature, radiation protection, and communications capabilities. Although it is possible to construct such an environment in a standalone satellite, locating plant experiments in a location that already possesses those characteristics, such as space stations, tends to be much more convenient. There are presently two such stations: the International Space Station (ISS) and the Chinese Tiangong space station. Most contemporary plant research in space is conducted in these two locations. There are two recent exceptions. First was the Chinese Chang’e 4 lunar spacecraft (2018–2019) on which cotton plants were grown for a short time. The other was the European Eu:CROPIS satellite (2018–2019) which made it to space, but then experienced a malfunction.

This article focuses on research conducted on the ISS. There are currently two chief facilities for plant experiments there. The Advanced Plant Habitat (APH) is suitable for more rigorous plant experiments that require considerable environmental control and sensing. The VEGGIE chamber is suitable for a range of experiments, and is especially well suited for growing. There are sometimes other facilities which will be covered in a future story.

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Decadal Study Unveils Life Support & Science Priorities

Survey cover

Credit NAS.

Every ten years, the National Academy of Sciences conducts a study of particular areas of space research and makes findings and recommendations. The latest version of Thriving in Space: Ensuring the Future of Biological and Physical Sciences Research: A Decadal Survey for 2023-2032 (2023), hereinafter referred to was the Survey. is being unveiled. While the final version is not yet out, Sustainspace has viewed a substantial-finished preprint and presents several important part of the report related to space life support, plant research, and sustainability.

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Space Housing Market Update

On Sept. 27, 2023, NASA astronaut Frank Rubio broke the record for consecutive days in space, completing a single mission aboard the International Space Station of 371 days, which conclusively proves that astronauts can live in space for over a year and suggests that astronauts can survive in space much longer. (Russian cosmonaut Valery Ryumin also logged 371 days in space, but broken over four missions).

It’s an exciting milestone towards longterm human endurance and sustainability in space. Do you want to live in space in the near future? Here is an updated list of the prospective locations.

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A New Era of Private Space Stations

Background

For the past several years, there has been much hullabaloo regarding proposed private space stations. Yet several current proposals seem much more substantive than chiefly aspirational proposals in the past. That the International Space Station (ISS) has less than one decade of expected life remaining has accelerated both investment as well as government interest and funding. Reduced launch costs provide a further foundation for  the tangibility of such proposals.

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STEM Growth Chamber Project

Arduino and battery atop a cube containing plants

STEM Plant Cube version 1.0

Introduction

The known Universe is 92 billion lightyears in size. Yet, ironically, volume available for plant experiments in space is often limited to mere centimeters. This presents a challenge for growing plants in space for food, research and other purposes.

Consequently, inspired by the cube sat movement, SustainSpace has been developing a suite of 1U–2U cube form plant growth chambers involving minimal volume and mass. Ultimately intended for space research, SustainSpace is also developing an inexpensive STEM version for educational use on Earth, using “off-the-shelf” components.

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A New Frontier In Life Support with the I-HAB

Cylinder module with solar cell wings

I-HAB module (Credit: ESA)

I-HAB, a seldom-discussed component of the Lunar Gateway, could have an out-sized impact on the advancement of life support systems. This module is chiefly devoted to human habitation and life support. It is being developed primarily under the auspices of the European Space Agency who has devoted significant resources towards the development of closed-loop life support. Therefore, discussion of this module deserves to be revisited.

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